malaria

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NPR: The military’s long war on malaria

Richard Knox / NPR

Col. Christian Ockenhouse, director of malaria vaccine research at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, shows how volunteers are infected with malaria -- by holding their forearms over a container holding five malaria-infected mosquitoes. The container is covered with a mesh, allowing the mosquitoes to bite the volunteers.

As part of NPR’s series of stories about the closing of Walter Reed Army Medical Center is this great look at the military’s long leadership in the scientific battle against malaria.

As NPR’s Richard Knox notes in his report:

Malaria has always been a problem for soldiers. Roman legions had to contend with it. So did George Washington’s troops. Civil War battles were won and lost because of it. And it was a huge problem in the South Pacific during World War II….

The center’s Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, housed for the past decade on its own campus in Maryland, just outside Washington, is one of the world’s premier research centers for infectious diseases.

No other place has done as much to prevent and treat malaria. And certainly, no one has done it so cheaply.

The U.S. Army’s medical center may be closing, but the military’s leading role in malaria research will continue under new reorganization.

Meanwhile, Seattle’s role in the malaria research field — primarily at Seattle Biomed, which has a strong partnership with many scientists at Walter Reed — appears likely to continue to grow.

 

 

How insecticide-resistant mosquitoes may be winning the war on malaria

Mike Urban

African child with cerebral malaria

As reported here by Humanospere’s Tom Paulson back in July, the Global Malaria Programme of the World Health Organization (WHO) has long been worried over reports that mosquitoes were increasingly resistant to chemical-treated bed nets, a mainstay in the Gates-led, worldwide campaign against malaria.

Now, a study from Senegal published in The Lancet at the beginning of this month raises doubts over Gates’ plant to beat malaria, blaming mosquitoes’ growing resistance to insecticide and decreased immunity to malaria among the local population.

Voice of America

Malaria net distribution in Niger

Continue reading

Scientists create spermless mosquitoes to help combat spread of malaria

Wikimedia Commons photo

The major buzz on the health and science news front today is coming from a report in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences about the laboratory creation of spermless mosquitoes.

BBC News is just one among many news agencies reporting on the scientific work of the Imperial College London, which is part of an ongoing effort to curb the spread of malaria worldwide. According to the BBC:

 

“Experts say that this is an important first step toward releasing sterile males into the wild to reduce the size of mosquito populations.”

ABC World News reported that:

“Monday’s research is just the most recent example of a number of mosquito-modifying techniques tested in the past few years in hopes of limiting the mosquito population or the bugs’ disease transmission capabilities. Continue reading

Old drug could be a big new deal for fight against malaria

Flickr, Gustavo

This scientific finding got a little bit of media attention, but deserves more:

A cheap drug, called Ivermectin (or brand name Mectizan), that Merck originally made for dogs may become a useful new weapon against one of the world’s biggest killers, malaria.

It was discovered many years ago that this drug also works against other parasitic worms that cause river blindness (onchocerciasis) and elephantiasis (filariasis). Merck, apparently unaware that it is supposed to be an evil drug company, has for more than 15 years been donating this drug to poor countries in Africa to fight these debilitating diseases.

Malaria is also caused by a parasite. In a study funded by a Gates Foundation’s Grand Challenges Explorations grant, researchers at Colorado State University explored if the drug might also work against the malaria bug.

The study is published in this week’s American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (which you can’t read because the scientific publishing community thinks they can get you pay to read it … and which may account for the relatively low number of news articles on this amazing discovery).

Here are a few other reports of note on this:

Karen Grepin’s Global Health Blog Maybe Now People Will Care About Onchocerciasis

Bill Brieger’s Malaria Free Future blog Novel idea, but can it be scaled?

Map of progress against malaria, courtesy of the Gates Foundation

The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation is one of the world’s leading funders in the battle to defeat malaria, which is both a good and bad thing.

To give an overview of the progress against malaria to date, the Gates Foundation has posted on its website this global map of malaria showing country-by-country how many deaths are estimated to have been prevented through the increased distribution of bednets and insecticides. Go to link, below is a screen grab only.

Gates Foundation

So how could it be a bad thing for the Seattle philanthropy to be one of the leading sources of funding for the fight against malaria? As this article in TropIKA.net notes, some are concerned that malaria funding has become too concentrated on select research priorities set by a handful of organizations:

(M)alaria R&D funding must be more efficiently distributed. At present, the majority of funding goes toward drug development (38 per cent), vaccines (28 per cent) and basic research (23 per cent). Diagnostics and vector control development account for a mere five percent combined. While that disparity reflects differences in development costs, it also underscores a yawning gap in funding for diagnostics.

Between 2007 and 2009, just two organizations—the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the US National Institutes of Health (NIH)—provided half of the global malaria R&D funding and were responsible for 85 percent of the global increase in malaria funding, with the Gates Foundation leading the way. The latter provided 30 percent of global funding in 2009.

The Gates Foundation also provided more than three-quarters of funding for malaria product development partnerships (PDPs) in 2008-2009, allowing the latter to play a central role in product development. According to the report, PDPs managed around one quarter of all malaria R&D funding, nearly 40 percent of global grant funding and half of all drug and vaccine projects in the global malaria R&D pipeline.

The authors of the report say this concentration of funding, and funding priorities, is troubling. It’s not the first time someone has complained about the Seattle philanthropy having too much influence in this arena.

The solution, of course, is not for the Gates Foundation to reduce its support for select programs. It’s for the rest of the international community to increase and diversity funding for malaria interventions and research.

Using supercomputers to find vaccines against malaria, AIDS and TB

Flickr, ghinson

Scientists in Seattle hope to pioneer a more “rational” approach to vaccine development, exploiting powerful computers to better identify immune system targets and reduce the huge burden (and cost) of clinical testing.

“I intend to focus first on malaria vaccines,” said Alan Aderem, an internationally recognized immunologist who will soon be taking the helm of Seattle BioMed. Aderem co-authored a paper in this week’s edition of Nature in which he outlines a new strategy aimed at discovering vaccines against HIV, TB and malaria.

Arguably, the ways in which researchers test and develop vaccines against disease today haven’t changed that much since the 18-century British physician Edward Jenner injected a young man with cowpox to see if it would protect him from smallpox. It did and, so the story goes, vaccines and the science of immunology were born.

Scientists certainly have more sophisticated tools and methods today, but testing a vaccine is still often a “shot in the dark” because of our incomplete understanding of how the immune response works. Continue reading

Students dissecting mosquitos, tracking down malaria

Students from Whitman Middle School on Thursday learned a bit more about malaria research by perfecting a very specialized, if peculiar, skill — dissecting mosquitoes to remove their salivary glands. This was the latest class of recruits for Seattle BioMed’s BioQuest program.

Here are some of the young scientists at work, beginning with 12-year-old Emma Doherty. Another 6th grader featured later in this slide show can be seen grimacing as she watched an instructional dissection (which, frankly, looks more like what I would call a dismembering) of a mosquito on a display screen.

She later turned to her microscope and began pulling into pieces the skeeters, mumbling to herself: “This is disgusting.” But she was smiling.

Seatte BioMed is home to one of the world’s largest malaria research teams. One of their primary goals is to identify an effective vaccine against malaria. BioQuest typically gears its program toward high school students. These students were given special, advanced access as finalists in Whitman’s science fair.

Fighting poverty on World Malaria Day

Flickr, Gustavo

Fighting malaria is fighting poverty.

It’s World Malaria Day.

Malaria kills about 800,000 people every year but it also sickens hundreds of millions, causing $12 billion in economic losses annually in Africa alone due to impaired worker productivity, according to economist Jeffrey Sachs and Pia Malaney.

So how are we doing in the battle against this disease of poverty?

Today, at Seattle-based PATH, many of those here leading in the fight against malaria will meet to discuss ongoing efforts in prevention, treatment, research aimed at finding an effective vaccine and evaluating that progress.

Professor Awa Marie Coll-Seck, director of the Roll Back Malaria partnership and former health minister for Senegal, says the massive investment by the international community in expanding access to bed nets, other preventive measures as well as improved diagnostics and treatments is paying off big time:

Change has been most dramatic in Africa, where enough insecticide-treated mosquito nets have been delivered to cover 76% of people at risk and 11 countries have reduced malaria cases and deaths by over 50%.

Coll-Seck notes this translates into an estimated 750,000 deaths, mostly in children, prevented over the last decade. Continue reading